Queen Hatshepsut, the daughter of King Thutmose I, is one of the most important and famous Queens of Egypt and the most exciting throughout history, after successfully ruling Egypt powerfully for more than 20 years, during which she made many achievements, perhaps the most prominent of which is the famous temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el Bahri.
Hatshepsut, the fifth Queen in the succession of kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty, married her half-brother Thutmose II, becoming the Regent of Egypt and the de facto ruler of the country, and ruled for several years on behalf of her husband’s son Thutmose III, who was young when he ascended the throne.
Traditions in ancient Egypt prevented a woman from becoming king , but she broke this rule as the daughter of one king and the wife of another, and thus she has pure royal blood, and imposed herself as king of Egypt despite the nose of the priests, she ruled after the death of her husband King Thutmose II as a guardian of the young King Thutmose III at first and then as a queen and his idol son Amon. .
The mummy of Queen Hatshepsut was found in 1903 in the cemetery “KV 60”, in the valley of the Kings in Luxor, it is worth noting that the royal mummies parade includes 22 mummies, including 18 mummies of kings, and 4 mummies of queens, including the mummies of King Ramses II, King saqnen Ra, King Thutmose III, King Seti I, Queen Hatshepsut, Queen Meret Amun, wife of King Amenhotep I, and Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, wife of King Ahmose. .
Hatshepsut received an education on the sciences of morality and correct behavior, as well as reading and writing, arithmetic and philosophy, religious rituals, grammar and creation.
She had to persevere in transmitting and learning the proverbial rule about the ancient Egyptian sages, like any of her colleagues, such as her half-brother (Thutmose II), young princes and princesses, a number of Sons of ministers and noble families; there is no doubt that she was afraid of the teacher who was teaching her lessons, and afraid of his violent methods with his students, whatever their status, and this was an example of Justice applied to everyone equally without fear or favor, which became an essential part of the life of Egyptian society at that time, and Hatshepsut could not claim any special privileges in her treatment, and the Royal School in Pharaoh’s house, like other schools in the country, started in the morning Early and ends at noon, as many schools in Egypt do nowadays.
The period of Hatshepsut’s reign was characterized by peace and prosperity, and her reign was characterized by the strength of the army, construction activity and the great sea voyages that she sent to trade with neighboring countries.under the scepter of the Pharaoh, the woman was able to enrich Egypt and prosper. she reopened the quarries and mines that had been neglected for a long time, especially the copper and malachite mines in the Sinai Peninsula. work in those mines had stopped during the Hyksos rule of Egypt and what followed. we still find in Sinai a plaque with writing documenting this work, glorifying what she did.
Hatshepsut also activated trade with Egypt’s neighbors, where trade was in a bad state, especially during the reign of King Thutmose II, and reused a canal connecting the Nile at the end of the Delta to the Red Sea, where she cleaned this canal after the Egyptians dug it during the Middle Kingdom, in order to direct Egypt’s naval fleet to exit to the Gulf of Suez and then to the waters of the Red Sea. She ordered the construction of several facilities in the Karnak Temple, and also established her temple in Deir el Bahri in Luxor.
Hatshepsut took care of the Egyptian merchant fleet, so she built large ships, and used them for internal transportation to transport obelisks, which she ordered to be added to the Karnak Temple in glorification of the god Amun, and in trade exchange missions with her neighbors.her reign was characterized by prosperity in Egypt, and the demand for entertainment items brought by commercial fleets from neighboring countries increased, the most important of which were incense, perfumes, spices, plants, tropical trees, predators and skins.
The prevailing in the era of Hatshepsut was peace, prosperity and prosperity of trade with neighboring countries, they were not inclined to the policy of external invasion. However, there were a few military campaigns recorded during her reign, most of which were disciplinary campaigns, in addition to one military campaign recorded from the reign of Hatshepsut by Thutmose III, which was the capture of Gaza, and that was near the end of her reign. Some manuscripts, such as the one found in the Tomb of Senenmut (TT71), reveal disciplinary campaigns in Nubia and some other countries that were under Egyptian authority, as follows:
A disciplinary campaign against Nubia at the beginning of her reign, conducted by Hatshepsut. This was stated in a manuscript of the head of the Treasury tij Tij.
A punitive campaign against Syria and Palestine, according to a manuscript in Deir el-Bahri, in addition to a campaign against a rebellion in Nubia
A campaign against a rebellion in Nubia in the 20th year of her reign (written on the Tombos Tombos plate.)
A disciplinary crackdown on Mau Mau near the Firka squad area between the 20th and 22nd years of her reign.
Hatshepsut died on the 10th of the second month of autumn, which corresponds (January 14, 1457 BC) during the 22nd year of her reign, as stated in an inscription on a plate found in Armant.
Hatshepsut’s mummy has been verified that the signs of her death are signs of a natural death, and that the cause of her death is due to cancer or diabetes.
Hatshepsut’s tomb is located in the valley of the Kings and is denoted by the number KV20, and Hatshepsut may have expanded her father’s tomb to use it, and her coffin was found next to her father’s coffin.
Recently, the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut took a picture in which she appears with a dreamy and pretentious smile; as one who performed his message to the fullest, and finally rested. The funny thing about the photo is also that the Queen had beautiful soft colored hair; it is clearly shown in the photo as well, and this indicates that the science of mummification created by the ancient Egyptians is a great secret, if discovered; it could change the appearance of burial in the whole world.
Whatever the matter of Queen Hatshepsut, she is one of the few women in the ancient world who reached the top of the administration in their country, and she made every effort to convince the man in her reign to accept her as a woman to rule him, and whether “Hatshepsut” convinced the men in Egypt at that time of her rule, or not, what she did was much greater than what some male Kings did.
Hatshepsut is considered by Egyptologists to be one of the most successful Pharaohs, holder of the title longer than any other woman in Egyptian captivity. Her reign was marked by the strength of the army, construction activity and the great sea voyages that she sent to trade with neighboring countries .
Written by-Dr . The roar of slaves
Doctor of ancient Egyptian antiquities and researcher in ancient history
